Xav tsis thoob li cas cov amino acids ua rau cov txheej txheem anabolic? Ua tib zoo saib cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tshawb fawb tau ua hauv ntiaj teb cov neeg tsim lub cev zoo tshaj plaws. Cov protein sib txuas yog cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm txhua cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia. Hnub no koj yuav kawm txog kev sib xyaw cov protein los ntawm cov amino acids. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob sib kis tau tshwm sim hauv txhua lub cell muaj sia thiab lawv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ua haujlwm hauv cov txheej txheem cellular hluas. Hauv lawv, cov protein sib txuas tau muab coj los ua ke rau hauv organelles. Ib qho ntxiv, lub cev muaj cov cell zais cia uas tsim cov protein enzyme thiab cov tshuaj hormones.
Hom kev xav tau ntawm cov protein sib xyaw hauv DNA tau txiav txim siab. Hauv DNA ntawm txhua lub cell, muaj thaj tsam uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov qauv ntawm cov protein tshwj xeeb. Cov cheeb tsam no hu ua noob. Ib qho DNA molecule muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntau pua ntawm cov noob. Nws kuj tseem yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias DNA tseem muaj cov lej ntawm ntu ntawm kev koom nrog ntawm cov amino acids hauv kev tsim cov protein.
Tam sim no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau txiav txim siab yuav luag tag nrho cov lej DNA. Tam sim no peb yuav sim qhia koj txog nws hauv cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws thiab nkag siab. Txhawm rau pib nrog, txhua tus amine muaj nws thaj tsam hauv DNA molecule, uas muaj peb ntu sib txuas nucleotides.
Cia peb hais tias amine xws li lysine muaj ntu T-T-T, thiab valine muaj ntu C-A-C. Tej zaum koj paub tias muaj ob lub kaum os amines tag nrho. Txij li kev sib txuas ntawm plaub lub nucleotides ntawm peb tuaj yeem ua tau, tag nrho cov naj npawb ntawm kev sib txuas ua ke tau yog 64. Yog li, muaj txaus triplets los teev tag nrho cov amines uas twb muaj lawm.
Yuav ua li cas protein synthesis los ntawm cov amino acids ua mus?
Nws yuav tsum tau hais tam sim ntawd tias cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov protein sib txuas yog nyuaj thiab ntau ntau. Nws yog cov saw ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas ua raws li cov cai ntawm kev sib xyaw matrix. Txij li DNA cov molecules nyob hauv cov keeb ntawm cov cell, thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov protein sib txuas tshwm sim hauv cellular cytoplasm, yuav tsum muaj tus neeg nruab nrab uas tuaj yeem hloov cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm DNA mus rau ribosomes. I-RNA ua raws li tus neeg nruab nrab. Thaum tham txog cov protein sib txuas los ntawm cov amino acids, nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom paub qhov txawv plaub theem tseem ceeb uas tshwm sim hauv ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov cell.
- Theem 1 - i -RNA tau muab coj los ua ke hauv cov keeb kwm thiab tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm DNA tau rov sau dua tshiab rau tus neeg tsim kho tshiab. Cov kws tshawb fawb hu rau tus txheej txheem no ntawm kev rov sau cov cai luam tawm.
- Qib 2-amines cuam tshuam nrog t-RNA, suav nrog 3-hanticodones. Cov lwg me me no txhais cov triplet codon.
- Theem 3 - txheej txheem ntawm kev sib sau peptide bonds (kev txhais lus), uas tshwm sim hauv ribosomes, tau qhib.
- Theem 4 yog theem kawg ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov protein sib txuas thiab nws yog lub sijhawm no uas cov qauv kawg ntawm cov protein tau tsim.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov protein sib txuas tshiab tau txais uas ua tau zoo sib xws rau cov cai sau hauv DNA molecules.
Chromosomes yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev ntawm tes. Lawv ua ib feem nquag hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev faib cell thiab hloov cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm los ntawm cov cim qub ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes mus rau qhov tshiab. Chromosomes yog cov hlua ntawm DNA uas txuas ua ke los ntawm cov protein. Cov hlua no hu ua chromatids thiab muaj cov keeb los ntawm keeb kwm (cov protein tseem ceeb), DNA, thiab cov kua qaub uas muaj protein ntau sib txuas.
Hauv cov cell uas tsis faib, chromosomes nyob rau tag nrho ntim ntawm lawv cov keeb. Ua ntej kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev faib cell, DNA spiralization tshwm sim thiab chromosomes ntawm lub sijhawm no txo qhov loj me. Yog tias koj saib lawv nyob rau lub sijhawm no los ntawm lub tshuab tsom me me, tom qab ntawd lawv yuav zoo li cov xov txuas nrog los ntawm centromere. Txhua lub cev muaj tus lej chromosomes tsis tu ncua, thiab lawv cov qauv tsis hloov pauv. Nco tseg tias hauv somatic cellular lug, chromosomes yeej ib txwm ua khub, lossis, yooj yim dua, lawv zoo ib yam thiab yog li ua khub. Cov khub chromosomes no tau hu ua homologous; txheej ntawm chromosomes hauv somatic cells hu ua diploid. Piv txwv li, tib neeg lub cev yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm diploid txheej ntawm 46 chromosomes, uas ua rau muaj 23 khub. Txhua ntawm cov khub no muaj ob qho tib yam sib xws chromosomes.
Tus txiv neej thiab poj niam muaj 22 tus khub zoo ib yam ntawm cov chromosomes, thiab tsuas yog ib khub sib txawv. Nws yog lawv uas yog kev sib deev, thaum tseem tshuav 22 khub niam txiv raug hu ua autosomes. Kev sib deev chromosomes raug xaiv los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv X thiab Y. Hauv cov poj niam, khub niam txiv sib deev chromosomes muaj daim ntawv - XX, thiab txiv neej, feem - XY.
Cov txiv neej sib deev, tsis zoo li cov somatic, tsuas muaj ib nrab ntawm cov chromosomes lossis, hauv lwm lo lus, muaj ib qho chromosome hauv txhua khub. Cov txheej no hu ua haploid thiab txhim kho hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tes. Peb tham txog kev sib txuas ntawm cov protein los ntawm cov amino acids hauv txoj hauv kev zoo heev.
Yog xav paub ntau ntxiv ntawm cov protein sib txuas, saib cov vis dis aus no:
