Cov thev naus laus zis ntawm kev txhim kho ua npuas dej ntawm phab ntsa, qab nthab thiab hauv pem teb hauv qab daus, qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev rwb thaiv tsev nrog cov khoom siv no, cov cai rau xaiv cov insulator thiab lwm yam khoom tiv thaiv txheej. Kev rwb thaiv tsev hauv qab daus nrog penoplex yog qhov kev xaiv rau rwb thaiv tsev chav hauv av nrog cov khoom siv niaj hnub, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Nrog nws txoj kev pab, lub plhaub yog tsim rau ntawm phab ntsa, hauv pem teb thiab qab nthab, tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob xau hluav taws xob cua sov. Ua raws li txoj cai ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis ntawm kev teeb tsa ua haujlwm kom ntseeg tau tias qhov ntsuas kub nyob hauv qab cov chav nyob thiab kev nyob zoo nyob hauv tsev. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog txheej tiv thaiv raws li cov khoom siv no thiab kev teeb tsa thev naus laus zis tau muab hauv kab lus.
Nta ntawm rwb thaiv tsev thermal rwb thaiv tsev nrog penoplex
Kev rwb thaiv tsev hauv qab daus yog theem tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim lub tsev, uas tau ua tiav ua ke nrog kev tiv thaiv dej ntawm chav no. Tus tswv zoo yuav tsis tawm mus yam tsis siv qhov chaw ntev li ob metres siab ntawm hauv av thiab thawj hauv pem teb thiab yuav twv yuav raug txhua yam ua tau rau nws txoj haujlwm yooj yim.
Penoplex yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev kho kom zoo hauv qab daus - cov khoom siv dag los ntawm pab pawg nthuav dav polystyrene, uas muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm yas thiab ua npuas ncauj. Tom qab ua tiav cov khoom sib xyaw, cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke nrog cov qauv sib xws tau txais, uas txawv ntawm cov khoom lag luam zoo sib xws los ntawm cov cua sov zoo rwb thaiv tsev thiab cov khoom ua kom ya raws.
Penoplex yog kev sib piv hauv tsev ntawm European extruded polystyrene ua npuas ncauj, uas yog tsim los ntawm Lavxias cog nrog tib lub npe. Masters pom zoo yuav khoom ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam hauv tsev, vim tias nws tus nqi qis dua li cov qauv txawv teb chaws, thiab cov yam ntxwv tsis txawv.
Nws raug nquahu kom ua cov rwb thaiv tsev ntawm thawj theem ntawm kev tsim kho, thaum muaj kev nkag mus dawb rau ntawm phab ntsa. Txoj haujlwm yuav nyuaj dua yog tias ua tiav tom qab ua haujlwm ntev hauv tsev. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los khawb lub hauv paus mus rau nws qhov tob tag nrho, uas ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm thaj chaw ze rau lub tsev. Qee qhov xwm txheej, phab ntsa ntawm chav hauv av tuaj yeem raug thaiv los ntawm sab hauv - piv txwv li, yog tias ua haujlwm tiav thaum lub caij ntuj no.
Penoplex muaj cov cell kaw me me heev, uas ua rau muaj kev nruj heev rau cov khoom. Lub zog siab tso cai rau cov ntawv tuaj yeem tiv lub siab los ntawm cov av thaum siv sab nraum zoov thiab qhov hnyav yog tias lawv tau teeb tsa hauv av.
Cov khoom siv yog tsim los ntawm cov ntawv txheeb ntawm ntau qhov ntom ntom nrog qhov ntev ntawm 0, 6x1, 2 m nrog tuab ntawm 3-10 cm. Kev tso cov khoom lag luam tau yooj yim los ntawm qhov muaj cov protrusions thiab milling raws cov ntug ntawm cov thaiv.
Qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm rwb thaiv tsev hauv qab nrog penoplex
Ua tsaug rau kev tsim lub plhaub tiv thaiv raws li ua npuas dej ntawm qhov faib thiab sib tshooj ntawm hauv qab daus, ntau yam teeb meem tuaj yeem zam tau.
Qhov zoo ntawm rwb thaiv tsev hauv qab daus nrog penoplex:
- Cov cua txias, ntub dej thiab kab mob tsis nkag mus rau cov chaw nyob los ntawm chav qis.
- Cov phab ntsa tsis raug rau khov thiab thawing. Cov khoom lag luam nqa lub nra los ntawm qhov khov heev ntawm cov av thiab tsis hloov nws mus rau lub hauv paus.
- Hauv qab daus tuaj yeem hloov mus rau qhov chaw muaj txiaj ntsig.
- Cov khoom nqus dej noo tsis zoo. Nws tsis tso cai rau cov dej hauv av nkag mus rau lub hauv paus. Txawm hais tias penoplex tau ntub dej, nws qhov hnyav nce ntxiv tsuas yog 0.4%.
- Rwb thaiv tsev tuaj yeem ua tiav ntawm txhua theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv tsev.
- Cov rwb thaiv tsev tsis xav tau hloov lossis kho rau 50 xyoo.
- Cov hauv qab daus ua los ntawm cov khoom siv no tsis tas yuav tsum tau npog nrog txheej tiv thaiv vim qhov ntom ntom ntom ntawm cov ntawv.
- Dua li nws cov qauv ntom ntom ntom ntom, cov khoom lag luam yooj yim rau txheej txheem.
- Cov vaj huam sib luag tau tsim nrog qhov tseeb siab, uas ua kom ntseeg tau lub sijhawm teeb tsa luv luv thiab tsis muaj cov choj txias hauv lub plhaub tiv thaiv.
- Cov khoom tsis tso cov pa lom thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb rau siv sab hauv tsev.
Txawm tias cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis siab muaj qhov tsis zoo:
- Penoplex ntshai ultraviolet hluav taws xob, yog li ntawd, thaum siv sab nraum zoov, yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm tshav ntuj.
- Tus nqi siab tuaj yeem yog qhov cuam tshuam rau nws cov neeg tau txais nyiaj tsawg.
- Thaum raug qhib qhib hluav taws, cov khoom yaj thiab tso cov pa lom.
Hauv qab daus rwb thaiv tsev thev naus laus zis nrog penoplex
Kev rwb thaiv tsev hauv qab daus tau ua tiav hauv ntau theem. Ua ntej, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los npaj cov chaw thiab xaiv cov khoom raug, thiab tom qab ntawd cov haujlwm yooj yim ua raws. Kev rwb thaiv tsev tag nrho yog suav tias yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau chav nyob hauv av, tab sis txhawm rau txuag nyiaj, tsuas yog faib ntu thiab qab nthab tuaj yeem hloov kho. Hauv qhov no, cov nyhuv yuav phem dua. Xav paub ntau ntxiv txog txhua theem tau sau hauv qab no.
Penoplex txoj cai xaiv
Penoplex hauv qab daus ua haujlwm hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav, yog li nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau yuav tsuas yog cov qauv zoo.
Nws tsis tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom tsis muaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, tab sis qee qhov haujlwm tso cai rau koj los txiav txim siab qhov cuav:
- Txheeb xyuas tus qauv ntawm cov cua sov insulator. Nws nyuaj rau pom nws ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov ntawv, vim tias qhov kev txiav yog lubricated nrog cov cuab yeej txiav. Yog li ntawd, nug tus muag khoom rau ib qho khoom tawg, uas sab hauv cov ntsiab lus pom hauv lawv daim ntawv qub. Cov penoplex zoo muaj cov hlwb hloov pauv. Yog tias cov granules loj thiab pom tau meej, cov insulator tau ua txhaum kev siv tshuab. Hauv cov khoom siv no muaj ntau qhov pores uas tso cai rau cua sov thiab dej hla dhau.
- Yog tias koj nias koj tus ntiv tes rau ntawm qhov chaw puas thiab hnov pob tawg, ces qhov no yog ib qho cim ntawm kev dag. Lub suab tshwm thaum cov phab ntsa nyias nyias ntawm cov granules raug puas tsuaj.
- Nias lub penoplex nrog koj tus ntiv tes thiab tso. Tsis muaj qhov cim tseg ntawm daim ntawv thov yuav tsum nyob twj ywm ntawm qhov chaw.
- Txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom ntim khoom. Daim ntawv lo ib txwm qhia txog lub hom phiaj ntawm cov insulator, hnub ntawm qhov teeb meem, qhov ntev thiab yam ntxwv. Yuav tsum muaj barcode thiab hologram.
Txhawm rau txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev yuav cov khoom lag luam uas tsis tau zoo, mus yuav tom khw ntawm cov khw muag khoom lag luam. Muas cov khoom ntim rau hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab tiv thaiv los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom.
Penoplex blocks yuav tsum muaj qhov duab geometric raug thiab qhov ntev hauv qhov ua siab ntev. Khoov, deformations thiab puas rau cov phaj tsis raug tso cai.
Rau rwb thaiv tsev ntawm phab ntsa thiab hauv pem teb hauv qab daus, cov khoom lag luam sau tias "Lub hauv paus" yog qhov tsim nyog, uas sib haum rau lub npe qub "Penoplex 35" yam tsis muaj hluav taws kub nyhiab. Hom no tau nce lub zog thiab tau tsim los rau kev ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv load. Cov pob zeb qis qis tuaj yeem tso rau ntawm qab nthab, uas txuag nyiaj.
Nruab ib daim ntawv 10 cm tuab hauv qab daus. Yog hais tias chav tsev tau npaj kom sov, nce cov rwb thaiv tsev los ntawm 40-50%. Cov tuab ntawm cov ntawv rau rwb thaiv tsev sab nraud yog yam tsawg 15 cm. Cov vaj huam sib luag rau hauv pem teb yuav tsum yog tuab tib yam.
Rau kev ua kom zoo, qhov saum npoo ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag yuav tsum ntxhib. Yog tias nws du, txhuam nws nrog cov ntawv xuab zeb.
Kev npaj ua haujlwm
Muaj ob txoj hauv kev los tiv thaiv chav nyob hauv av - los ntawm sab hauv lossis sab nraum. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev tsim lub plhaub tiv thaiv los ntawm ib sab ntawm txoj kev. Rwb thaiv tsev hauv qab daus los ntawm sab hauv nrog penoplex tau ua tiav hauv qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb vim qhov txo qis hauv chav thiab qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm phab ntsa. Kuj tseem muaj kev phom sij ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub hauv paus vim khov ib ntus thiab defrosting ntawm phab ntsa.
Nrog rwb thaiv tsev sab hauv, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau muab rau qhov cua nkag ntawm chav ua ntej, vim tias partitions yuav tsis "ua pa". Qhov kev daws teeb meem yooj yim tshaj plaws yog ua kom lub qhov cua nkag mus rau hauv cov phab ntsa, thiab tso qhov sib cais rau huab cua sib txawv ntawm cov ua npuas ncauj thiab lub hauv paus. Hauv qhov no, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau teeb tsa lub thav duab txhawm rau txhim kho cov vaj huam sib luag hauv txoj haujlwm xav tau. Vim qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tuab ntawm cov ua npuas ncauj thiab cov ntaub ntawv, muaj qhov khoob los ntawm qhov cua nkag mus.
Hauv qab daus, cov nplais tau tsau nrog cov kua nplaum lossis nrog dowels nrog lub taub hau poppet. Kev xaiv txoj kev kho yog nyob ntawm qib dej hauv av. Yog tias lawv nyob ze rau ntawm qhov chaw, muaj kev phom sij uas cov dej noo yuav nkag los ntawm cov phab ntsa mus rau lub penoplex, yog li cov ntawv yuav tsum tau kho nrog kho vajtse.
Yog tias pom dej, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los nrhiav qhov laj thawj rau nws qhov tsos hauv qab daus. Yog tias nws dhau los ntawm lub hauv paus, ncua kev ua haujlwm kom txog thaum cov phab ntsa tsis muaj dej. Nws nyuaj heev kom tshem tawm cov dej nkag mus rau hauv chav los ntawm sab nraud yam tsis tsim kev tiv thaiv txheej sab nraum lub tsev. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum qhib lub hauv paus los ntawm sab nraud, tso dej tawm ntawm lub tsev, tiv thaiv lub hauv paus, tab sis qhov no txhua qhov kev nkag siab ntawm rwb thaiv tsev sab hauv tau ploj. Qee zaum qhov teeb meem no tuaj yeem daws tau rau ntau lub tsev lossis ib lub zos tag nrho los ntawm kev tsim cov kav dej. Lwm txoj hauv kev kom tshem dej hauv koj lub qab daus yog khawb qhov dej thiab teeb tsa lub twj tso kua mis. Ntawm txhua qhov kev xaiv, sab nrauv rwb thaiv tsev nrog cov dej tsis zoo ntawm lub hauv paus tseem yog qhov lees paub tshaj plaws.
Kev txiav cov vaj huam sib luag tau ua kom tau txais qhov khoob ntawm qhov me me thiab ntau yam duab geometric rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tso khoom zoo nyob ze qhov rooj, qhov cua nkag thiab lwm qhov qhib. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj tuaj yeem siv cov cuab yeej hauv qab no:
- Riam ntawm txhua lub hom phiaj rhaub kom kub. Rhais cov cuab yeej hniav kom zoo rau kev txiav ncaj. Tshem tawm thaj chaw me me nrog rab riam dav.
- Siv tus jigsaw lossis tus hacksaw zoo los txiav cov khoom ua haujlwm tuab.
- Yog tias nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom tau txais lub ntsej muag zoo, siv cov hlau kub nichrome hauv thaj chaw txiav.
Ua ntej gluing, ua mock los ua ke ntawm rwb thaiv tsev. Thaum txiav txim siab qhov ntev ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias lawv muaj milling. Thaum txiav cov ntawv, siv peb cov lus pom zoo:
- Cov khoom siv tsawg dua 200 mm dav yuav tsum tsis txhob siv rau hauv cov ces kaum, ze qhov rooj thiab lwm qhov qhib.
- Muab cov pob zeb khov kho tso rau saum lub qhov rooj.
- Kev txiav tawm cov thev naus laus zis hauv cov ntawv yuav tsum tsis txhob sib haum nrog cov ces kaum ntawm qhov qhib. Lawv yuav tsum tau muab tso rau ntau dua 200 mm sib nrug.
- Tawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lub qhov rooj thav duab yam tsawg 20 mm.
Npaj kua nplaum
Do cov kua nplaum tam sim ua ntej kev teeb tsa, vim tias nws poob nws cov khoom tom qab ob peb teev. Tom qab tawv, nws tsis pom zoo kom dilute cov tshuaj nrog dej. Cov huab cua qis qis ua rau lub xeev ua kua ntawm cov tshuaj, thiab thaum nws poob mus rau +5 degrees, txwv tsis pub ua haujlwm.
Txhawm rau npaj qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, sib tov dej txias thiab sib tov sib xyaw hauv qhov sib piv qhia hauv cov lus qhia rau cov kua nplaum, thiab sib tov nrog kev xyaum qis rau 5 feeb. Nco ntsoov tias tsis muaj lumps hauv cov tshuaj. Tom qab 10 feeb, do dua rau 5 feeb.
Thaum xaiv cov tshuaj nplaum, siv peb cov lus pom zoo:
- Txhawm rau txhim kho cov khoom, nws raug nquahu kom siv cov tshuaj polyurethane nrog cov khoom ua kom ya raws. Cov khoom lag luam nyob hauv Kliberit, Knauf, Ceresit hom tau ua pov thawj lawv tus kheej zoo.
- Txheeb xyuas cov kua nplaum ua ntej ua haujlwm. Tsis txhob yuav cov tshuaj uas muaj cov roj av, cov kuab tshuaj, acetone nyob hauv - lawv rhuav tshem tus qauv ntawm penoplex. Cov khoom siv rau cov phab ntsa du tau qhia hauv cov lus qhia rau cov khoom, tab sis ib txwm yuav cov kua nplaum nrog cov npoo - nws mus ntau dua ntawm qhov tsis sib xws.
- Lub sijhawm ua kom ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum tsis txhob luv kom muaj sijhawm los kho qhov chaw ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag.
Kev tiv thaiv phab ntsa hauv qab daus nrog penoplex
Txoj hauv kev tiv thaiv phab ntsa hauv qab daus nrog penoplex los ntawm sab hauv thiab sab nraud zoo ib yam thiab txawv tsuas yog hauv txheej tiv thaiv, uas yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm txoj kev ib sab, thiab sab hauv - ntawm qhov kev thov ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Kev kho kom zoo ntawm phab ntsa los ntawm sab hauv yog ua raws cov hauv qab no:
- Ntxuav qhov muab faib los ntawm cov av thiab hmoov av. Tshem tawm cov xoob xoob thiab lwm yam txheej xoob. Yog tias pom cov roj tsw qab, tshem tawm lawv nrog cov kuab tshuaj lossis kho tshuab.
- Sau cov khoob thiab cov protrusions. Cov phab ntsa tsis sib xws, nrog kev nthuav tawm thiab kev nyuaj siab, plaster nrog cov cement-sand mortar npaj hauv qhov sib piv ntawm 1: 4. Yog tias lub hauv paus yog pob zeb ua ke, npog nws nrog lub hauv paus uas muaj cov xuab zeb quartz. Cov tshuaj ntxiv no yuav ua rau kom cov kua nplaum ua kom sib cais.
- Xyuas kom tsis muaj kab mob los yog kab mob nyob rau saum npoo. Ntxuav thaj chaw puas ntsoog ua haujlwm thiab tom qab ntawd npog nrog cov tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab thiab kab mob tua kab mob ua ntej.
- Xim tag nrho cov hlau ntawm phab ntsa nrog cov xim pleev xim los tiv thaiv.
- Dej tsis haum lub hauv paus. Bituminous mastic zoo haum rau lub hom phiaj no. Thov nrog txhuam thiab txhuam kom huv si. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob ua kom puas penoplex, cov paj ntoo yuav tsum tsis muaj cov kuab tshuaj lossis roj av. Tom qab cov khoom tau khov kho, koj tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv cov txheej txheem.
- Thov ib txheej ntawm cov kua nplaum 8-10 hli dav nyob ib puag ncig ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag thiab hauv nruab nrab nrog qhov me me txog 10 cm2… Cov ntawv yuav tsum yog yam tsawg 40% them nrog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nws cov tuab nyob ntawm qhov tsis sib xws ntawm phab ntsa thiab thaj tsam ntawm 1, 5-2, 5 cm. Tsis txhob npog qhov kawg ntawm cov ntawv txheeb nrog kua nplaum.
- Yog hais tias cov nplaim tau plastered thiab zoo kawg nkaus, cov tshuaj khib tuaj yeem siv rau hauv txheej tsis tu ncua thiab ua kom zoo nrog lub ntsej muag thais.
- Kev ua tiav yog ua los ntawm qab mus rau saum. Muab cov ntawv los rau ntawm phab ntsa thiab nias maj mam. Nias cov ntawv tom ntej tawm tsam cov ntawv uas twb muaj lawm. Mount cov kab sab saud kom cov pob qij txha ntsug tsis sib thooj. Sau qhov khoob ntawm cov ntsiab lus nrog cov npoo uas tau txiav tawm ntawm cov pov tseg.
- Npog sab nrauv nrog daim npog zoo nkauj yog tsim nyog.
Thaum kho cov npuas dej sab nraum lub tsev, nws tau ntxiv nrog tsau nrog lub taub hau dav. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov saum npoo yuav tsum tau npog nrog lub ntsej muag tiv taus alkali, rov npog nrog cov kua nplaum, thiab tom qab ntawd nrog plaster.
Penoplex rwb thaiv tsev ntawm hauv qab daus
Lub hom phiaj ntawm rwb thaiv tsev hauv pem teb yog txhawm rau tiv thaiv cua sov los ntawm kev nkag mus rau hauv av, txawm tias hauv qab daus txias.
Xav txog ib qho ntawm cov kev xaiv rau cais qhov chaw - hauv av:
- Qeb av hauv tsev. Kaw nws yog tias tsim nyog thiab tso cai rau nws nqaim rau ib hlis.
- Sau lub hauv paus nrog cov pob zeb ntxhib nrog txheej 10 cm, qib thiab tamp nws.
- Npog pebbles nrog txheej ntawm cov xuab zeb ntawm tib tuab thiab tseem ua kom nruj.
- Ntawm lub hauv paus npaj, tso zaj duab xis tiv thaiv dej nrog sib tshooj ntawm 15-20 cm ntawm daim uas nyob ib sab thiab ntawm phab ntsa. Kaw cov pob qij txha nrog daim kab xev txhawb.
- Muab cov ntawv ua npuas ncauj tso rau ntawm ntawv ci, nias lawv nruj nreem ua ke. Kaw qhov khoob ntawm lawv nrog cov npoo ua los ntawm cov khoom pov tseg.
- Npog cov rwb thaiv tsev nrog cov yeeb yaj kiab tiv thaiv zaj duab xis nrog kev sib tshooj ntawm 15-20 cm ntawm ib sab uas nyob ib sab thiab ntawm qhov muab faib. Kaw cov pob qij txha hauv txhua txoj kev.
- Muab cov hlau ntxig rau ntawm daim nyias nyias.
- Sau cov yeeb yaj kiab nrog cov qhob qhob nrog cov tuab tuab tsawg kawg 60 hli thiab qib nws kab rov tav.
Kev teeb tsa ua npuas dej hauv qab daus ntawm lub qab nthab
Rwb thaiv tsev hauv pem teb txo qhov kub sib txawv ntawm hauv pem teb hauv chav nyob thiab huab cua hauv tsev. Cov thev naus laus zis rau kev txhim kho cov khoom ntawm lub qab nthab tsis txawv ntau ntawm cov txheej txheem rau kev ua tiav cov phab ntsa hauv qab daus los ntawm sab hauv.
Txoj haujlwm yog ua tiav raws li hauv qab no:
- Npaj lub qab nthab thiab kho cov penoplex rau nws tib yam li rau ntawm phab ntsa.
- Kho cov ntawv txheeb nyiaj pov hwm nrog dowels nrog lub taub hau dav, uas yuav tsum nkag mus rau qhov sib tshooj tsawg kawg 6 cm. Koj tuaj yeem siv 1 lub duav los kho ob nplooj ntawv. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, nws yog hammered raws cov pob qij txha ntawm cov ntawv txheeb. Txhawm rau ua kom nrawm dua, nws raug tso cai siv rab phom pneumatic.
- Xuab zeb nto nrog ntawv ntxhib.
- Siv cov ntawv yas yas qhwv rau saum qab nthab kom pom cua sov hauv chav.
- Yog tias tsim nyog, teeb tsa cov xim zoo nkauj lossis tiv thaiv xws li plasterboard.
Yuav ua li cas insulate hauv qab daus nrog penoplex - saib cov vis dis aus:
Kev rwb thaiv tsev hauv qab daus nrog ua npuas dej yog txheej txheem yooj yim, yog tias koj ua raws li kev teeb tsa thev naus laus zis thiab qhov xav tau ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom. Qhov txiaj ntsig yuav yog lub tsev sov thiab txo tus nqi rau kev nplij siab hauv tsev.
