Folk arts thiab crafts tsis yog tsuas yog keeb kwm, tab sis kuj tseem niaj hnub. Xuas tes ua hniav nyiaj hniav kub xuas tes ua, siv daim ntaub “xaws ntawm daim ntaub” yuav ua rau koj tshwj xeeb. Tus txiv neej yeej ib txwm mob siab rau kev zoo nkauj. Tib neeg nyiam sim txhim kho lawv lub tsev, ib puag ncig, khoom ntiag tug. Folk art tsis tau poob nws qhov tseem ceeb tam sim no, nws tau ntxiv nrog cov tswv yim tshiab.
Folk art crafts - nws yog dab tsi?
Folk arts thiab crafts los yog arts and crafts yog ib lub tswv yim uas muaj ntau yam. Nws yog rau thaj tsam ntawm cov txuj ci zoo nkauj, suav nrog:
- tsim cov khoom lag luam kos duab uas tau siv hauv lub neej ntiag tug hauv zej zog;
- kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (rooj tog, tais diav, ntaub, tsheb, cuab yeej, khoom ua si, hniav nyiaj hniav kub, thiab lwm yam).
Folk arts thiab crafts siv ntau yam khoom siv:
- ceramics;
- hlau;
- iav;
- ntoo;
- textiles, thiab lwm yam.
Kev ua haujlwm yog ua los ntawm kev casting, forging, inlaying, chasing, carving, tha xim, kos duab, kos duab, paj ntaub, thiab lwm yam.
Folk arts thiab crafts tau tshwm sim ntev los lawm. Nov yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev muaj tswv yim zoo rau tib neeg. Hauv peb lub sijhawm, kev txaus siab rau hom kev qhia tus kheej no tsis yog tsuas yog tsis poob, tab sis tau nce ntxiv. Ntau hom kev xaws khaub ncaws tau tsim, uas tseem yog ib feem ntawm kev kos duab thiab khoom siv tes ua, txheeb xyuas qee yam ntawm lawv.
Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub xuas tes ua: qib kawm
Kawm txuj ci thiab khoom siv tes ua kuj yog tsim cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Thaum tau ua qhov me me, koj yuav paub tseeb tias nws tau ua hauv ib daim ntawv thiab qhov thib ob yuav tsis zoo ib yam.
Ntawm nws, ntawm cov keeb kwm yav dhau dawb, tulip liab tau kos. Txhawm rau ua tus duab me me, koj xav tau:
- acrylic xim ntawm cov xim hauv qab no: ocher, carmine, lub teeb ntsuab, dub, titanium dawb;
- yas workpiece;
- txhuam (los ntawm kab);
- palette;
- ib khob dej.
Hauv qhov no, tus kws tshaj lij tau ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub los ntawm Cernit yas, siv cov xim dawb ntawm Blanco Opaco - cov khoom ci ci zoo nkauj tau txais los ntawm nws. Ib puag ncig tooj dag puag ncig tau muab rau daim ntawv. Cov yas yuav tsum tau dov tawm nrog tus pin ntxig rau ntawm daim ntawv no, ci ntawm 110 ° C hauv qhov cub rau 15 feeb. Tom qab ntawd coj nws tawm, thaum nws txias, coj nws tawm thiab xuab zeb nws nrog 600 cov ntawv xuab zeb - tom qab ntawd cov xim yuav pw zoo dua.
Tam sim no koj yuav tsum tso txhua yam koj xav tau rau pleev xim rau ntawm koj xub ntiag thiab koj tuaj yeem pib.
Nyem me ntsis ntawm txhua cov xim rau ntawm lub palette. Ntawm qhov ntxeev ntawm txhuam, sib tov dawb nrog carmine kom tau txais qhov ntxoov ntxoo uas xav tau thiab sib xws, dilute nrog dej me ntsis. Nrog rau cov xim no, piav qhia tus qauv ntawm paj yav tom ntej.
Nrog lub teeb nrig, koj qhia txog qhov chaw ntawm ob lub paj tawg loj, qhov thib peb - ib qho nruab nrab thiab cov qia. Nov yog yuav ua li cas lub hom phiaj ntawm cov pej xeem niaj hnub kho kom zoo nkauj thov siv daim duab tau ua ntxiv.
Tom qab sib tov dawb thiab ocher, me ntsis xim liab, sib tov. Siv cov xim txiv duaj muag no los pleev xim rau hauv qab txheej ntawm cov nplaim paj. Tam sim no nyob rau tib qhov sib xyaw xim, tso ib tee ntsuab, sib tov, kos cov qauv ntawm cov qia.
Nov yog yuav ua li cas xuas tes xuas tes ua tom ntej. Sib tov dawb thiab carmine ntawm lub palette kom muaj xim liab dua. Xim cov nplaim paj nrog nws. Hauv qhov no, nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum rov ua dua cov qauv ntawm cov leeg ntshav hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub paj thiab nyob ntawm ntug ntawm cov nplaim paj. Hauv theem tom ntej, koj yuav tsum rov ua cov txheej txheem no, tab sis ntxiv tsuas yog dej me ntsis.
Tom ntej no, sib tov ocher thiab ntsuab acrylic, ntxiv dej, siv cov khoom no rau nplooj. Tab sis lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob ci dhau rau lub paj kom tau txais lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Hauv qab, cov nplaim paj yog xim me ntsis ntxiv, nyob rau sab saum toj - tsawg dua.
Siv qhov sib npaug sib npaug ntawm carmine thiab dub, ntxiv qee cov dej. Tom qab sib tov, sau daim ntawv nrog qhov sib xyaw no ntxoov cov nplooj thiab cov nplaim paj.
Txhawm rau ntxiv ntxoov cov nplaim paj hauv qhov chaw qis, ntug ntawm cov qia, tseem sib xyaw carmine thiab dub, tab sis ntxiv tsuas yog dej me ntsis. Muab ntsuab rau hauv cov xim no, kos cov nplooj ntawm lub hauv paus.
Tso me ntsis dej rau hauv cov xim pleev xim dub acrylic, siv ob peb kab rov tav nrog micro-strokes ntawm cov leeg hauv qab ntawm cov nplaim paj, ntawm lub hauv paus.
Nws tseem yuav ntxiv cov lus tso tseg ntawm cov xim ntsuab rau cov xim sib tov, kos cov hlab ntshav hauv qab ntawm nruab nrab nruab nrab thiab me ntsis ntawm nplooj.
Nov yog dab tsi xuas tes xuas tes ua yuav tig tawm.
Tam sim no tshuaj xyuas seb cov ntxhais siv los kho lawv lub taub hau li cas hauv cov hnub qub. Cov chav kawm tom ntej yuav pab ua kom cov ntaub qhwv Arkhangelskaya.
Yuav ua li cas ua lub taub hau festive rau cov ntxhais Lavxias?
Cov khaub ncaws qub no yog tsim los siv cov txheej txheem “xaws khaub ncaws”. Nws cuam tshuam nrog paj ntaub ntawm paj rwb qaum nrog hlaws hauv 2-3 kab. Nws tau xaws mus rau lub hauv paus nrog txoj hlua sib hloov, thiab cov hlaws tau muab tso rau hauv qhov khoob (niaj hnub no, cov hlaws tau siv ntau dua). Yog li ntawd, hlaws lossis hlaws yuav "dag" kom du thiab zoo. Thiab cov lus sib dhos ntawm tus qauv yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog kub lossis nyiaj qaum.
Nov yog qhov nws yuav siv los ua lub taub hau qub:
- paj rwb dawb ntaub;
- xiav thiab dawb txhob lo lo ntxhuav;
- dawb qaum (sab qab teb);
- daim ntaub
- me me hlaws dawb;
- rhinestones loj - 2 dawb thiab 3 xiav, nruab nrab: 2 xiav thiab 3 lub teeb daj;
- rhinestones me me - 9 xiav, 3 daj thiab 3 ntsuab;
- duab los qhia;
- koob koob;
- 2 pearl strands ntawm 30 cm;
- xov dawb;
- paj ntaub loj loj lossis ntoo ncab;
- txiab
Ib qho kev kos duab pej xeem zoo sib xws yog ib txwm muaj rau cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb, nws tau nyob ntawd "xaws khaub ncaws dawb" tau yug los. Ncab cov canvas hla lub hoop lossis lub ncab. Muab ib daim ntaub paj rwb dawb tso rau saum nws. Sab saum toj ntawm nws, txheej txheej ntawm cov ntaub lo lo lo ntxhuav xiav tau siv thiab tsau - qhov no yog lub duab plaub ntawm 21x40 cm. tshem tawm thaum kawg ntawm txoj haujlwm.
Ntawm daim ntaub lo lo lo lo ntxhuav xiav, kos tus qauv ntawm cov paj ntoo nrog cov av nplaum zoo lossis cov cim tshwj xeeb-dej-soluble. Koj tuaj yeem ua qhov no nrog tus xaum yooj yim, txij li koj tseem yuav npog daim duab no nrog ib txoj hlua (sab qab teb), xaws nws siv "khawm rau pem hauv ntej" seam.
Cov stitches yuav tsum zoo. Kho cov hlua hauv qab nrog ob lub dawb thiab peb lub pob zeb loj loj xiav, thiab nyob rau sab saum toj xaws peb xim daj thiab ob lub xiav.
Xaws sab qab teb raws lub rhinestone contour. Muab cov hlaws tso rau ntawm qhov chaw dawb. Ciam nrog nws cov rhinestones hauv lub voj voog nyob hauv rosettes. Thiab sau qhov qis qis ntawm lub taub hau qub qub nrog txoj hlua.
Ob lub rosettes tseem tsis tau tiav, lawv yuav tsum tau muab tso nrog cov nplaim paj ntawm cov paj zoo nkauj. Txhawm rau dai sab saum toj ntawm lub taub hau, kab paj nrog sab qab teb ib puag ncig ntawm qhov nruab nrab rhinestones. Tom qab ntawd, tseem siv hlua, ua ceg thiab nplooj tawm ntawm nws.
Cov khoom siv dai kom zoo nkauj nrog sab qab teb, tam sim no koj xav tau xaws cov hlaws dai rau nws. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, hlua tsib txog rau rau daim rau ib txoj xov, nteg cov khoom tawg rau ntawm qaum. Thiab koj yuav tsum tau ua kom nrawm nrog txoj hlua hla ntawm ob lossis peb hlaws. Qhov no tau ua tiav zoo li no: tom qab koj tau txuas rau rau rau xya daim, xov lub koob los ntawm ob peb kawg ntawm cov hlaws dai.
Xyuas kom cov kab sib npaug, ua raws lawv nruj me ntsis nrog txoj hlua. Koj yuav tsum rub cov xov kom zoo kom cov hlaws haum zoo ua ke.
Thaum koj ua tiav qhov kho kom zoo nkauj, tshem tawm txoj haujlwm los ntawm lub hoop lossis lub ncab. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los txiav tawm peb txheej kokoshnik, ntxiv 5 cm rau cov nqaws, kom cov khoom tiav muaj qhov ntev ntawm 40x21 cm.
Txiav hauv qab ntawm lub taub hau raws li tus qauv hauv ib nrab ib nrab. Xaws qhov txiav kab xiav txhob lo lo ntxhuav rau sab saum toj thiab hauv qab ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Hauv qhov no, ob sab nyob dawb. Ntxig ib lub duab plaub ntawm cov duab los rau hauv qhov sib txawv no txhawm rau ua kom cov qauv nruj.
Ob daim kab xev 18 txog 90 cm tau txiav tawm ntawm cov ntaub dawb txhob lo lo ntxhuav, peb ua lawv cov npoo nrog cov xaum xauv.
Ntawm sab xub ntiag, rau ob sab, xaws ob daim kab xev ntsuas ntsuas 18x90 cm (yav dhau los tau sib tshooj lawv cov npoo). Cov ntsiab lus no tau muab tso rau hauv cov quav, txuas nrog "rab koob rau pem hauv ntej" seam.
Hauv qab ntawm cov ntaub qhwv, hauv qab txhua qhov rosette ntawm tsib, cov xov xov tau xaws.
Tam sim no koj muaj lub tswv yim ntawm yuav ua li cas pej xeem kev kos duab thiab khoom siv tes ua tau tsim lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim thiab kho kom zoo nkauj lub taub hau. Tsis xav tias cov ntaub qhwv no hu ua "Arkhangelsk", vim kev xaws khaub ncaws sab qab teb yog qhov zoo rau cov chaw sab qaum teb no.
Khokhloma pleev xim nrog koj tus kheej tes
Nws tseem yog kev kos duab pej xeem, nws tau tshwm sim txog 300 xyoo dhau los. Tom qab ntawd nyob hauv lub zos Khokhloma, hauv thaj tsam Nizhny Novgorod, cov kws tsim khoom siv tes ua. Lawv ua cov tais diav ntoo thiab pleev xim rau qee yam. Paj dai kom zoo nkauj hauv cov xim kub thiab liab yog siv rau ntawm cov xim dub. Daim duab no pib hu ua "Khokhloma".
Yuav ua li cas kho lub rooj noj mov hauv chav ua noj?
Sim plunge rau hauv cov txuj ci txuj ci pej xeem no los ntawm kev ua lub rooj tsavxwm rau chav ua noj, tab sis uas yuav pleev xim zoo li Khokhloma nyob rau niaj hnub no. Rau qhov no, txheej txheem decoupage tau siv. Txhawm rau siv lub tswv yim no, yuav daim ntaub so tes nrog Khokhloma qauv lossis decoupage ntawv nrog cov duab ntawm hom no, koj tuaj yeem rub nws los ntawm Is Taws Nem. Qhov khoob rau cov laug cam npaj npaj ua tsis tau pleev xim lossis ua rau koj tus kheej txhais tes, nrog daim duab los ntawm plywood 3-4 hli tuab.
Nov yog cov npe ntawm qhov tseem ceeb:
- dawb paug rau cov laug cam;
- xaum;
- daim ntawv carbon;
- awl;
- txiab;
- ntawv txhuam;
- PVA kua nplaum;
- rooj tog kua roj vanish.
Tshem tawm tsuas yog sab saud ntawm daim ntaub so ntswg, tsuas yog nws xav tau. Yog tias koj luam daim duab, siv daim ntawv nyias rau qhov no, ua ntej lo rau ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm, nws cov ntug ntawm sab nraub qaum yuav tsum tau xuab zeb kom haum zoo dua.
Yog tias koj siv daim ntaub so ntswg, tom qab ntawd grease lub rooj tsavxwm nrog kua nplaum. Yog tias koj nqa daim ntawv, ces nco nws. Kaw ib qho ntawm cov kab no rau ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm. Thaum cov kua nplaum qhuav, npog daim ntawv puag nrog 2 txheej ntawm cov kua roj vanish.
Thaum nws qhuav, koj tuaj yeem dai lub rooj tsavxwm hauv qhov chaw tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv chav ua noj kom qhuas qhov kos duab no.
Khokhloma tha xim yuav tso cai rau koj los tsim ib lub thawv.
Tha xim lub thawv
Hnov zoo li tus tswv tiag tiag uas nyob ze rau kev kos duab thiab kos duab. Piav txog lub thawv ntoo hauv qab Khokhloma. Rau kev muaj tswv yim zoo li no, koj yuav xav tau:
- acrylic xim rau ua haujlwm nrog ntoo;
- daim kab xev nplaum - nqaim;
- ntoo thawv;
- keeb kwm yav dhau bronze lossis xim kub;
- ntoo kua roj vanish;
- peb txhuam txhuam - No. 1–3;
- txhuam mos rau thov cov kua roj vanish;
- xaum;
- ntawv txhuam;
- daim ntawv taug qab.
Cov xim ntoo tuaj yeem yuav ntawm lub khw kos duab, zoo li cov kua roj vanish, uas tuaj yeem txhuam lossis txau rau. Yog tias lub thawv ntoo tsis yog qhov tshiab thiab muaj qhov tsis xws luag, hla nws nrog cov ntawv xuab zeb zoo.
Tam sim no siv 2 txheej xim tom qab rau tag nrho lub thawv. Tab sis ua ntej, tos thawj zaug kom qhuav. Mus rau theem tom ntej tsuas yog thaum txheej thib ob qhuav tag.
Tsis txhob nkim sijhawm thaum qhov no tshwm sim, koj yuav muaj sijhawm los kos cov duab uas koj nyiam lossis tsim tawm ntawm cov ntawv taug qab. Koj yuav tsum piav qhia cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, koj yuav siv qhov me me ncaj qha rau lub thawv.
Thaum cov xim tha xim rau tom qab nws qhuav tag, muab daim ntawv taug nrog cov duab ntawm cov paj paj ntoo rau saum, nqa daim kab xev. Tom qab ntawv tus qauv no yuav raug kho thiab yuav tsis txav mus. Txhawm rau hloov tus qauv mus rau lub npov, ua raws cov kab ntawm daim duab ntawm daim ntawv taug qab, nias maj mam. Tom qab ntawd daim duab yuav luam tawm ntawm lub npov.
Nrog txhuam tus lej ib thiab pleev xim dub, taug cov duab ntawm lub npov.
Kua nplaum daim kab xev nyob ib puag ncig ntawm lub hau, nws yuav tiv thaiv cov xim dub nkag los ntawm no. Thiab nrog nws koj yuav pleev xim rau tom qab. Koj yuav ua nws nrog txhuam ntawm tus lej 3.
Tev tawm daim kab xev tsuas yog thaum cov xim qhuav. Tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem pib ua qhov muaj tswv yim, kos paj thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo.
Txhawm rau kos cov currants tusyees, poob rau sab nraum qab ntawm cov xaum nrog cov npoo puag ncig hauv cov xim, thov, zoo li lub foob, rau saum npoo ntawm lub thawv. Nws tseem yuav piav txog cov nyom, qee qhov kom ua tiav cov paj, cov kav hlau txais xov, cov tee dej, cov dots ntawm cov txiv pos nphuab, qhov tseem ceeb. Thaum nws tag nrho qhuav, npog nrog ob lossis peb lub tsho tiv no ntawm cov kua roj vanish, cia txhua qhov kom qhuav.
Lub thawv yog npaj txhij! Nov yog qhov zoo nkauj nws yuav tig tawm. Yog tias koj nyiam ua cov thawv, kho kom zoo nkauj, saib yuav ua li cas thiaj ua lub thawv tawm ntawm cov khoom qab zib. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj khoom noj qab zib qab zib kom ua haujlwm tau zoo, xav kom ua cov khoom zoo nkauj nrog koj txhais tes tam sim no. Cov pej xeem kos duab zoo dua niaj hnub no, tab sis tsim cov khoom zoo li no tsis ntxim nyiam.
Lub thawv khoom qab zib
Yog tias koj nyiam ua lub thawv, ua khoom plig - lwm yam khoom, tab sis noj tau. Rau nws cov khoom lag luam raug coj los:
- ntawv crepe;
- ntoo skewer;
- cov duab los qhia xim;
- khoom qab zib;
- PVA kua nplaum;
- ob daim kab xev;
- txiab
Ua ntej tshaj, koj yuav tsum zais cov tails ntawm cov khoom qab zib kom cov khoom noj tau saib zoo. Tshem tawm cov khoom no los ntawm gluing lawv mus rau lub hauv paus nrog kab xev.
Txiav ib daim hlab los ntawm daim duab los qhia. Nws qhov siab yog qhov siab ntawm cov khoom qab zib yam tsis muaj "tails". Txoj kab uas hla yog kev xav. Yog hais tias nws yog txog 8 cm, ces 300 g ntawm cov khoom qab zib yuav tsum tau.
Dov qhov khoob no rau hauv lub tog raj kheej, ruaj ntseg nrog lub tshuab xaws. Txuas nws mus rau ntawm daim duab los qhia, voj nws, txiav tawm lub voj voog uas koj xav tau lo rau lub tog raj kheej.
Txuas daim kab xev ob tog rau hauv lub thawv, tab sis tsis txhob tshem daim kab xev tiv thaiv sab saud. Koj yuav tshem nws maj mam los ntawm gluing khoom qab zib.
Thaum txhua tus ntawm lawv tau txuas nrog, nws tseem yuav qhwv qhov kev zoo nkauj no nrog txoj hlua, tawm ntawm cov khoom raws li nws yog, lossis kho nws nrog ntawv paj. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, txiav 5 cm dav kab txaij ntawm cov ntawv crepe hla cov nplej. Ntawm ib sab, ntswj nws mus rau lub lauj kaub. Ncab rau hauv nruab nrab kom zoo li cov nplaim paj.
Muab cov caramel tso rau hauv, qhwv nws nrog ntawv, thawb "tus Tsov tus tw" ntawm daim ntawv qhwv ua ib lub paj. Ruaj nws nrog daim kab xev paj, khi nws ntawm lub hauv paus. Peb lub paj yuav txaus.
Xws li kev kos duab pej xeem niaj hnub no yuav zoo siab rau menyuam yaus lossis cov hniav laus, thiab yuav dhau los ua khoom plig qub.
Yog tias koj xav pom thawj zaug yuav ua li cas thiaj ua lub Khokhloma lub thawv hauv cov kab lig kev cai qub, tom qab ntawd peb hais qhia saib cov vis dis aus qhia.
Nov yog yuav ua li cas ua lub thawv ntoo puag ncig.
